What are the side effects of Thiazolidine?

What are the side effects of Thiazolidine?

Conclusions: Common side effects associated with TZDs include edema, weight gain, macular edema and heart failure. Moreover, they may cause hypoglycemia when combined with other antidiabetic drugs as well as decrease hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. Increased bone fracture risk is another TZD-related side effect.

What are TZDs in diabetes?

Metformin and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. As both drugs ameliorate hyperglycemia by improving glucose metabolism of target tissues of insulin, they are particularly prescribed to patients with severe insulin resistance.

How do TZDs cause weight gain?

TZD-associated weight gain may result mainly from increased fat mass and fluid retention and may be in part congruent to the mechanism of action of TZD. Increases in fat mass are almost exclusively limited to subcutaneous fat, while there are no effects or even decreases in visceral fat.

What is the mechanism of TZDs?

TZDs exert their antidiabetic effects through a mechanism that involves activation of the gamma isoform of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR gamma), a nuclear receptor.

What is the thiazolidine ring?

Thiazolidine is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula (CH2)3(NH)S. It is a 5-membered saturated ring with a thioether group and an amine group in the 1 and 3 positions. It is a sulfur analog of oxazolidine. Another drug that contains a thiazolidine ring is the antibiotic penicillin.

What medications are glitazones?

Thiazolidinediones, also known as glitazones, are a group of oral anti-diabetic drugs designed to treat patients with type 2 diabetes.

Can TZDs cause hypoglycemia?

Since TZDs are insulin-sensitizing drugs and not insulin-secretory agents, they do not cause hypoglycemia. However, they can cause a degree of fluid retention, which can be dangerous in patients with impaired cardiac function (heart failure) in which their use is contraindicated.

What drugs are glitazones?

Pioglitazone is a diabetes drug (thiazolidinedione-type, also called “glitazones”) used along with a proper diet and exercise program to control high blood sugar in patients with type 2 diabetes. It works by helping to restore your body’s proper response to insulin, thereby lowering your blood sugar.

How does thiazolidine ring work?

The thiazolidine ring is a cyclic N,S acetal, and most syntheses of perhydrothiazolo [3,2-a]pyridines construct the five-membered ring by condensation of aldehydes or ketones either as such or masked. This usually, but not obligatorily, takes place prior to the formation of the six-membered ring.

What is the target for clavulanic acid?

Clavulanic acid contains a beta-lactam ring and binds strongly to beta-lactamase at or near its active site, thereby hindering enzymatic activity. This protects other beta-lactam antibiotics from beta-lactamase catalysis, thereby enhancing their antibacterial effects.

What do glitazones do?

Thiazolidinediones (also called glitazones) are a class of medicines that may be used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. They are a type of oral hypoglycemic (a medicine that lowers blood glucose levels).

How are thiazolidinediones used in the body?

They are a type of oral hypoglycemic (a medicine that lowers blood glucose levels). Thiazolidinediones bind to a receptor called the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma in adipocytes (fat cells) and promote maturation of fat cells and deposition of fat into peripheral tissues.

Are there any side effects to taking thiazolidinedione?

Side effects of TZDs 1 Swelling (edema) – feeling fatigued and gaining weight due to water retention from TZDs is common at onset… 2 Heart Failure – increased blood pressure places undue pressure on the heart,… 3 Increased LDL, or “bad” cholesterol levels – a mild elevation in LDL or “bad” cholesterol has been noted,…

When was thiazolidinedione introduced in the US?

Thiazolidinedione. The term usually refers to a family of drugs used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 that were introduced in the late 1990s.

What kind of receptors does thiazolidinediones bind to?

Thiazolidinediones bind to a receptor called the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma in adipocytes (fat cells) and promote maturation of fat cells and deposition of fat into peripheral tissues.