Table of Contents
- 1 What interferes with a signal transduction pathway?
- 2 How do nerve agents affect the process of cell signaling?
- 3 How does EF toxin affect signal transduction pathways in human cells?
- 4 How does cholera affect signal transduction?
- 5 What is a signal transduction pathway and what changes does it lead to within the cell?
- 6 What happens during transduction?
What interferes with a signal transduction pathway?
Signal Transduction Inhibitors. Targets for signal transduction inhibitors can include cell surface receptors (e.g., epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)) and intracellular biochemical molecules (e.g., kinases such as Src, PI3K, and Raf). Table 6 lists some signal transduction inhibitors.
How do nerve agents affect the process of cell signaling?
Nerve agents work by blocking an enzyme that breaks down one of the types of chemicals that nerve cells use to send signals to other nerve cells and to muscles (neurotransmitters).
How does EF toxin affect signal transduction pathways in human cells?
The two toxins act on a variety of cell types, disabling the immune system and inevitably killing the host. EF causes sustained and potent activation of host cAMP-dependent signalling pathways, which disables phagocytes.
How does transduction affect the signal?
Signal transduction pathways amplify the incoming signal by a signaling cascade using a network of enzymes that act on one another in specific ways to ultimately generate a precise and appropriate physiological response by the cell.
How is signal transduction inhibited?
Gene expression modulators modify the function of proteins, which is the key in the control of gene expression. Signal transduction inhibitors are well-known for blocking molecules that are taking part in signal transduction; the process is based on how a cell responds to signals from its environment.
How does cholera affect signal transduction?
Once cholera toxin binds to cell surface receptors, the A Protomer can enter the cell and bind with and activate its target effector: adenylate cyclase. It is involved in many signal transduction pathways, but cholera toxin takes advantage of it.
What is a signal transduction pathway and what changes does it lead to within the cell?
Signal transduction pathway involves the binding of extracellular signaling molecules and ligands to receptors located on the cell surface or inside the cell that trigger events inside the cell, to invoke a response. The response can then alter the cell’s metabolism, shape, and gene expression (Krauss, 2006).
What happens during transduction?
Transduction: When the signaling molecule binds the receptor it changes the receptor protein in some way. Each relay molecule in the signal transduction pathway changes the next molecule in the pathway. 3. Response: Finally, the signal triggers a specific cellular response.
How is cellular response inhibited?
How might a cellular response be inhibited? In G protein systems that inhibit adenylyl cyclase, a different signaling molecule activates a different receptor, which in turn activates an inhibitory G protein.
How does cholera toxin affect the cellular level?
Once cholera toxin binds to cell surface receptors, the A Protomer can enter the cell and bind with and activate its target effector: adenylate cyclase. Increasing adenylate cyclase activity will increase cellular levels of cAMP, increasing the activity of ion pumps that remove ions from the cell.