Which immune cell is responsible for tissue destruction of the periodontal ligament?

Which immune cell is responsible for tissue destruction of the periodontal ligament?

Neutrophils that enter the periodontal environment are primed and exhibit increased production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [14]. These cytokines mediate periodontal tissue destruction by stimulating bone resorption.

How does the inflammatory response affect the periodontal tissues?

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease involving the destruction of both soft and hard tissue in the periodontal region. Although dysbiosis of the local microbial community initiates local inflammation, over-activation of the host immune response directly activates osteoclastic activity and alveolar bone loss.

Which cells of the immune system predominate in periodontitis lesions?

This is also important because in severe periodontal lesions, B-cells are the predominant antigen-presenting cells, suggesting that B-cell antigen presentation may allow further activation and clonal expansion of already activated T-cells (63, 266).

What is marginal periodontitis?

Marginal periodontitis is a disease of the marginal periodontium characterized by inflammation and resorption of the alveolar crest. Clinically it must be differentiated from gingivitis and senile atrophy.

Can active periodontal infection affect the inflammatory response?

Interestingly, some periodontitis-associated bacteria have been shown to contribute directly to the chronic inflammation by activating specific intracellular pathways.

Which of the following cells plays an important role in chronic periodontitis?

During periodontal inflammation, the activation of distinct T and B-cell subtypes, as well as their cytokine production, are crucial in defining whether the inflammatory lesion will stabilise as chronic gingivitis or progress to tissue-destructive periodontitis.

What causes the inflammation in periodontitis?

The inflammation of tissues in gingivitis and periodontitis is caused by a host of bacteria (Schultz-Haudt et al., 1954). The bacterial species present in the gingival margin are Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannnerella forsythia, all of which are Gram negative.

What are the predominate immune cells present in stage 3 gingivitis?

The predominant infiltrating cell types are neutrophils and T lymphocytes [7]. The basal cells of these epithelial structures proliferate apically resulting in edema of gingival tissues and deepening of gingival sulcus.

What is the initiating factor in the histopathological sequence of inflammation in periodontal disease?

Periodontal inflammation is initiated by the products of biofilm bacteria such as lipopolysaccharide molecules (LPS are components of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria; they are not found in Gram-positive bacteria). This creates a cascade of reactions.

What is periodontal structure?

The periodontium is a connective tissue consisting of four components: cementum, the periodontal ligament (PDL), alveolar bone, and gingival tissue.

What is alveolar crest?

The alveolar crest is the most cervical rim found in the alveolar bone proper. When it is healthy, the alveolar crest is slightly apical to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) by about 1.5-2 mm. The alveolar crests of the adjacent teeth are also uniform in height along the jaw when they are healthy.

Which systemic condition mimics the inflammatory process in periodontal disease progression?

Periodontal disease has been recognized as a complication of diabetes. The link between the systemic inflammation of diabetes and periodontal disease presents a model for how a two-way relationship impacts upon local and distant organs.