Table of Contents
What is meant by protoplast fusion?
Definition English: Somatic fusion, also called protoplast fusion, is a type of genetic modification in plants by which two distinct species of plants are fused together to form a new hybrid plant with the characteristics of both, a somatic hybrid.
What is protoplast fusion and its application?
Protoplast fusion is a novel tool for transferring genes for a desired quality and quantity of production. In this technology, two different genetically originated protoplasts from different somatic cells are fused in order to obtain parasexual hybrid protoplasts.
What is protoplast in bacteria?
The term protoplast refers to the spherical shape assumed by Gram-positive bacteria. Thus, in essence, protoplast refers to a bacterial sphere that is bounded by a single membrane and spheroplast refers to a sphere that is bounded by two membranes.
How is protoplast fused?
Protoplast fusion is a physical phenomenon. During fusion, two or more protoplasts come in contact and adhere with one another either spontaneously or in presence of fusion inducing chemicals.
What is protoplast and method of protoplast fusion?
Protoplast fusion is a physical method of fusion of somatic cells from different plant to form hybrid. Mixing of protoplasts of two different genomes and can be achieved by either spontaneous or induced fusion methods.
What is the function of protoplast?
functions include: (1) providing the protoplast, or living cell, with mechanical protection and a chemically buffered environment, (2) providing a porous medium for the circulation and distribution of water, minerals, and other small nutrient molecules, (3) providing rigid building blocks from which stable structures …
What are the advantages of protoplast fusion?
By protoplast fusion, it is possible to transfer some useful genes such as disease resistance, nitrogen fixation, rapid growth rate, protein quality, frost hardiness, drought resistance etc. from one species to another and thereby widen the genetic base for plant breeding.
What is a protoplast cell?
Protoplasts are spherical naked plant cells produced by the removal of the cell wall with digestive enzymes (Fig. 1). They are usually derived from either leaf tissue or from cell suspension cultures and have been isolated from a wide variety of plant species.
What is called protoplast?
Protoplast, from ancient Greek πρωτόπλαστος (prōtóplastos, “first-formed”), is a biological term coined by Hanstein in 1880 to refer to the entire cell, excluding the cell wall. Protoplasts can be generated by stripping the cell wall from plant, bacterial, or fungal cells by mechanical, chemical or enzymatic means.
What is protoplast technique?
Protoplasts may also be used for plant breeding, using a technique called protoplast fusion. Protoplasts from different species are induced to fuse by using an electric field or a solution of polyethylene glycol. This technique may be used to generate somatic hybrids in tissue culture.
What is the role of PEG in protoplast fusion?
Several chemicals have been used successfully to induce fusion but the most successful and the one most widely used at the present time is polyethylene glycol (PEG). The effects of PEG are not specific and it will promote the aggregation and fusion of protoplasts from the same or different species.
What is a protoplast?
1 : one that is formed first : prototype. 2 : a plant cell that has had its cell wall removed also : the nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane of a cell as distinguished from inert walls and inclusions.
Which is the correct description of protoplast fusion?
Protoplast fusion is a physical method of fusion of somatic cells from different plant to form hybrid. Mixing of protoplasts of two different genomes and can be achieved by either spontaneous or induced fusion methods. 1. Spontaneous fusion: Cell fusion is a process integral to plant development. The most prominent process is egg fertilization.
What happens when two protoplasts come in contact?
Protoplast fusion is a physical phenomenon. During fusion, two or more protoplasts come in contact and adhere with one another either spontaneously or in presence of fusion inducing chemicals. After adhesion, membranes of protoplasts fuse in some localised areas and, eventually, the cytoplasm of the two protoplasts intermingle.
How is a protoplast different from a spheroplast?
Protoplasts can be generated by stripping the cell wall from plant, bacterial, or fungal cells by mechanical, chemical or enzymatic means. Protoplasts differ from spheroplasts in that their cell wall has been completely removed. Spheroplasts retain part of their cell wall.
When to use protoplast fusion in plant breeding?
Protoplast fusion followed by regeneration by SE is a technique that can be used in plant breeding when sexual crosses are impossible. Somatic hybridization, which brings together two different nuclear genomes that are not genetically close, may not produce fertile plants.