What causes Ptyalism?

What causes Ptyalism?

The most common cause of ptyalism is pregnancy. During the first semester of pregnancy, morning sickness causes many pregnant women to have hypersalivation. Ptyalism can also be a side effect of certain medications or a symptom of underlying diseases.

What drugs cause hypersalivation?

The most important drugs that can induce hypersalivation are para-sympathomimetic drugs such as physostigmin, neostigmine, rivastigmine, cholinergic drugs (bethanechol, pilocarpine, cevimelin), lithium, clozapine, alprazolam, digoxin, and haloperidol [9,10, 16, 17]. …

Is sarin a nerve agent?

Sarin is a human-made chemical warfare agent classified as a nerve agent. Nerve agents are the most toxic and rapidly acting of the known chemical warfare agents.

What is the mechanism of action of sarin?

Sarin acts on acetylcholinesterase by forming a covalent bond with the particular serine residue at the active site. Fluoride is the leaving group, and the resulting phosphothioester is robust and biologically inactive. Its mechanism of action resembles that of some commonly used insecticides, such as malathion.

What illness is HG?

Some pregnant women experience very bad nausea and vomiting. They might be sick many times a day and be unable to keep food or drink down, which can impact on their daily life. This excessive nausea and vomiting is known as hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), and often needs hospital treatment.

What is it called when you can’t stop spitting?

Hypersalivation, or ptyalism, also known as hypersialorrhea or hypersialosis is the excessive production of saliva. It has also been defined as increased amount of saliva in the mouth, which may also be caused by decreased clearance of saliva.

Why do antipsychotics cause Hypersalivation?

Excessive salivation remains a paradoxical adverse effect of antipsychotic treatment possibly due to the antimuscarinic properties of several antipsychotics.

What causes increased salivation in the elderly?

Excess saliva can be a side effect of medications, such as tranquilizers, epilepsy drugs and anticholinesterases, often used in treatment of early dementia, such as donepezil (Aricept). Some diseases also cause excess saliva, especially Parkinson’s disease and some strokes.

What are V agents?

V-Series nerve agents are organophosphate esters that are used as chemical weapons. They are extremely potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Biological effects include seizures, salivation, lacrimation, urination, diaphoresis, diarrhea, vomiting, miosis, and muscles spasms.

What enzyme does sarin inhibit?

acetylcholinesterase
Sarin and the other nerve agents are organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitors. They inhibit the enzymes butyrylcholinesterase in the plasma, acetylcholinesterase on the red blood cell, and acetylcholinesterase at cholinergic receptor sites in tissues.

What type of inhibitor is sarin?

Sarin is an extremely potent acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitor with high specificity and affinity for the enzyme. Death by sarin is due to anoxia resulting from airway obstruction, weakness of the muscles of respiration, convulsions and respiratory failure.

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